Success by dockworkers in the 1934 strike led to the establishment of the INTERNATIONAL LONGSHORE AND WAREHOUSE UNION, or ILWU. The union had to fight to hold on to their gains throughout the 1930s and 1940s. A major strike in 1948 led shippers to reorganize their own bargaining organization, and so was born the Pacific Maritime Association, or PMA, which was founded on the idea of a "New Look" in how the employers dealt with the ILWU. The cooperative spirit of the "New Look" lasted f
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